Spatial analysis of hospital-related mortality due to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil.

The objective was to perform a spatial analysis of the hospital mortality rate (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) attributed to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil from 2020 to 2021. A cluster method was used to group federal units (FUs) based on HMR. In 2020, clusters with high HMRs were formed by north/northeast FUs. In 2021, there was a reduction in HMR. Clusters with higher rates remained in the N/NE region. Regional differences were observed in the HMR. The findings may reflect social inequalities and access to hospital care, especially in the under 1-year-old age group due to the severity of the disease in this group.

Spatial analysis of hospital-related mortality due to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil / Análise espacial da mortalidade hospitalar por COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil

Abstract The objective was to perform a spatial analysis of the hospital mortality rate (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) attributed to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil from 2020 to 2021. A cluster method was used to group federal units (FUs) based on HMR. In 2020, clusters with high HMRs were formed by north/northeast FUs. In 2021, there was a reduction in HMR. Clusters with higher rates remained in the N/NE region. Regional differences were observed in the HMR. The findings may reflect social inequalities and access to hospital care, especially in the under 1-year-old age group due to the severity of the disease in this group.

Resumo Objetivou-se realizar uma análise espacial da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (TMH) por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) atribuída à COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil no período de 2020 a 2021. Utilizou-se o método de cluster para agrupar as unidades federativas (UFs) com base na TMH. Em 2020, clusters com altas TMHs foram formados por UFs Norte/Nordeste. Em 2021, houve redução na TMH. Os clusters com maiores taxas permaneceram na região N/NE. Diferenças regionais foram observadas nas TMHs. Os achados podem refletir as desigualdades sociais e o acesso à atenção hospitalar, principalmente na faixa etária de menores de 1 ano pela gravidade da doença neste grupo.

Comparison of beriberi cases in indigenous and non-indigenous people, Brazil, 2013 to 2018. / Comparação dos casos de beribéri entre indígenas e não indígenas, Brasil, 2013 a 2018.

Beriberi is the clinical manifestation of severe and prolonged thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. It is a neglected disease that affects low-income populations facing food and nutrition insecurity. The aim of this study was to compare cases of beriberi among indigenous and non-indigenous people in Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data on cases of beriberi during the period July 2013-September 2018 derived from beriberi notification forms available on the FormSUS platform. Cases in indigenous and non-indigenous patients were compared using the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, adopting a significance level of 0.05. A total of 414 cases of beriberi were reported in the country during the study period, 210 of which (50.7%) were among indigenous people. Alcohol consumption was reported by 58.1% of the indigenous patients and 71.6% of the non-indigenous patients (p = 0.004); 71.0% of the indigenous patients reported that they consumed caxiri, a traditional alcoholic drink. Daily physical exertion was reported by 76.1% of the indigenous patients and 40.2% of the non-indigenous patients (p < 0.001). It is concluded that beriberi disproportionately affects indigenous people and is associated with alcohol consumption and physical exertion.

O beribéri é a manifestação clínica da deficiência grave e prolongada de tiamina (vitamina B1). Doença negligenciada que acomete a população de baixa renda, em situação de insegurança alimentar e nutricional. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar casos de beribéri em indígenas com casos em não indígenas no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal de casos notificados de beribéri no período de 2013 a 2018, no formulário do SUS (FormSUS) do Ministério da Saúde. Foram comparados os casos em indígenas e em não indígenas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher com nível de significância de p < 0,05. No período estudado foram notificados no país 414 casos de beribéri, sendo 210 (50,7%) indígenas. Referiram consumo de bebidas alcoólicas 58,1% dos indígenas e 71,6% dos não-indígenas (p = 0,004); adicionalmente, 71,0% dos indígenas consumiam caxiri (bebida alcoólica tradicional fermentada). Relataram fazer esforço físico diário 76,1% dos indígenas e 40,2% dos não-indígenas (p <0 ,001). Conclui-se que o beribéri no país acomete mais indígenas e está relacionado ao consumo de álcool e ao esforço físico.

[COVID-19 mortality in metropolitan areas vs. other regions of Brazil, 2020 to 2021Mortalidad por COVID-19 en las regiones metropolitanas y en el interior de Brasil, 2020-2021]. / Mortalidade por covid-19 no interior e em regiões metropolitanas do Brasil, 2020 a 2021.

Objective: To compare hospital mortality rates (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated with COVID-19 recorded in metropolitan areas and other regions (interior) of Brazil in 2020 and 2021. Method: This ecological study used public data available on OpenDataSUS. The information was accessed in May 2022. The following variables were considered: age, sex, hospitalization, presence of a risk factor, ICU stay, use of ventilatory support, and final classification in the individual registration form of SARS cases due to COVID-19. Cases and deaths were stratified into five age groups (0-19 years, 20-39 years, 40-59 years, 60-79 years, and ≥80 years) and by place of residence (metropolitan area or interior). The HMR had as numerator the absolute number of deaths by SARS associated with covid-19; and, as a denominator, the absolute number of cases of SARS due to covid-19 according to the year of occurrence, area of residence, age bracket, sex, hospitalization, presence of a risk factor, ICU admission, and use of ventilatory support. Results: There was a significant increase in HMR due to SARS associated with COVID-19 in 2021 in all age groups, except 0-19 years and ≥80 years, as well as among individuals admitted to an ICU and who used invasive ventilatory support, both in metropolitan areas as well as in the interior. Conclusions: There was a worsening of the epidemiological scenario in 2021 with an increase in HMR. However, no differences were identified between the metropolitan regions and the interior of the country.

Objetivo: Comparar las tasas de mortalidad hospitalaria por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19 registradas en las regiones metropolitanas y el interior de Brasil en el período 2020-2021. Método: Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos públicos disponibles en el sistema OpenDataSUS. La información se consultó en mayo del 2022. Se tomaron en cuenta las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, hospitalización, presencia de factores de riesgo, ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, uso de apoyo ventilatorio y clasificación final en la hoja de registro individual de casos del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave por COVID-19. Los casos y las defunciones se estratificaron en cinco grupos etarios (0-19 años, 20-39 años, 40-59 años, 60-79 años y ≥80 años) y por ubicación del municipio de residencia (región metropolitana o interior). El numerador de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria fue el número absoluto de defunciones por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19, y el denominador, el número absoluto de casos del mismo síndrome relacionado con la COVID-19 según el año de aparición, la residencia en una región metropolitana o en el interior, el grupo etario, el sexo, la hospitalización, la presencia de factores de riesgo, el ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y el uso de apoyo ventilatorio. Resultados: Se comprobó un aumento significativo de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19 en el 2021 en todos los grupos etarios, excepto en los grupos de 0-19 años y ≥80 años, así como entre las personas internadas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos que recibieron apoyo respiratorio invasivo, tanto en las regiones metropolitanas como en el interior. Conclusiones: La situación epidemiológica empeoró en el 2021 con el aumento de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria, pero no se observaron diferencias entre las regiones metropolitanas y el interior del país.

Mortalidade por covid-19 no interior e em regiões metropolitanas do Brasil, 2020 a 2021

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Comparar as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar (TMH) por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) associada à covid-19 registradas em regiões metropolitanas e no interior do Brasil em 2020 e 2021. Método. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico com dados públicos disponíveis no OpenDataSUS. As informações foram acessadas em maio de 2022. Consideraram-se as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, internação hospi- talar, presença de fator de risco, internação em UTI, uso de suporte ventilatório e classificação final na ficha de registro individual de casos de SRAG por covid-19. Os casos e óbitos foram estratificados em cinco faixas etárias (0-19 anos, 20-39 anos, 40-59 anos, 60-79 anos e ≥80 anos) e por localização do município de resi- dência (região metropolitana ou interior). A TMH teve como numerador o número absoluto de óbitos por SRAG associada à covid-19; e, como denominador, o número absoluto de casos de SRAG por covid-19 segundo ano de ocorrência, residência em região metropolitana ou interior, faixa etária, sexo, internação hospitalar, presença de fator de risco, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e uso de suporte ventilatório. Resultados. Verificou-se aumento significativo da TMH por SRAG associada à covid-19 em 2021 em todos os grupos etários, exceto 0-19 anos e ≥80 anos, assim como entre indivíduos internados em UTI e que utilizaram suporte ventilatório invasivo, tanto nas regiões metropolitanas quanto no interior. Conclusões. Houve piora do cenário epidemiológico em 2021 com o aumento da TMH, mas não foram iden- tificadas diferenças entre as regiões metropolitanas e o interior do país.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To compare hospital mortality rates (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) asso- ciated with COVID-19 recorded in metropolitan areas and other regions (interior) of Brazil in 2020 and 2021. Method. This ecological study used public data available on OpenDataSUS. The information was accessed in May 2022. The following variables were considered: age, sex, hospitalization, presence of a risk factor, ICU stay, use of ventilatory support, and final classification in the individual registration form of SARS cases due to COVID-19. Cases and deaths were stratified into five age groups (0-19 years, 20-39 years, 40-59 years, 60-79 years, and ≥80 years) and by place of residence (metropolitan area or interior). The HMR had as numerator the absolute number of deaths by SARS associated with covid-19; and, as a denominator, the absolute number of cases of SARS due to covid-19 according to the year of occurrence, area of residence, age bracket, sex, hospitalization, presence of a risk factor, ICU admission, and use of ventilatory support. Results. There was a significant increase in HMR due to SARS associated with COVID-19 in 2021 in all age groups, except 0-19 years and ≥80 years, as well as among individuals admitted to an ICU and who used invasive ventilatory support, both in metropolitan areas as well as in the interior. Conclusions. There was a worsening of the epidemiological scenario in 2021 with an increase in HMR. Howe- ver, no differences were identified between the metropolitan regions and the interior of the country.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Comparar las tasas de mortalidad hospitalaria por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19 registradas en las regiones metropolitanas y el interior de Brasil en el período 2020-2021. Método. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos públicos disponibles en el sistema OpenDataSUS. La información se consultó en mayo del 2022. Se tomaron en cuenta las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, hos- pitalización, presencia de factores de riesgo, ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, uso de apoyo ventilatorio y clasificación final en la hoja de registro individual de casos del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave por COVID-19. Los casos y las defunciones se estratificaron en cinco grupos etarios (0-19 años, 20-39 años, 40-59 años, 60-79 años y ≥80 años) y por ubicación del municipio de residencia (región metropolitana o interior). El numerador de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria fue el número absoluto de defunciones por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19, y el denominador, el número absoluto de casos del mismo síndrome relacionado con la COVID-19 según el año de aparición, la residencia en una región metropolitana o en el interior, el grupo etario, el sexo, la hospitalización, la presencia de factores de riesgo, el ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y el uso de apoyo ventilatorio. Resultados. Se comprobó un aumento significativo de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19 en el 2021 en todos los grupos etarios, excepto en los grupos de 0-19 años y ≥80 años, así como entre las personas internadas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos que recibieron apoyo respiratorio invasivo, tanto en las regiones metropolitanas como en el interior. Conclusiones. La situación epidemiológica empeoró en el 2021 con el aumento de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria, pero no se observaron diferencias entre las regiones metropolitanas y el interior del país.

Comparação dos casos de beribéri entre indígenas e não indígenas, Brasil, 2013 a 2018 / Comparison of beriberi cases in indigenous and non-indigenous people, Brazil, 2013 to 2018

Resumo O beribéri é a manifestação clínica da deficiência grave e prolongada de tiamina (vitamina B1). Doença negligenciada que acomete a população de baixa renda, em situação de insegurança alimentar e nutricional. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar casos de beribéri em indígenas com casos em não indígenas no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal de casos notificados de beribéri no período de 2013 a 2018, no formulário do SUS (FormSUS) do Ministério da Saúde. Foram comparados os casos em indígenas e em não indígenas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher com nível de significância de p < 0,05. No período estudado foram notificados no país 414 casos de beribéri, sendo 210 (50,7%) indígenas. Referiram consumo de bebidas alcoólicas 58,1% dos indígenas e 71,6% dos não-indígenas (p = 0,004); adicionalmente, 71,0% dos indígenas consumiam caxiri (bebida alcoólica tradicional fermentada). Relataram fazer esforço físico diário 76,1% dos indígenas e 40,2% dos não-indígenas (p <0 ,001). Conclui-se que o beribéri no país acomete mais indígenas e está relacionado ao consumo de álcool e ao esforço físico.

Abstract Beriberi is the clinical manifestation of severe and prolonged thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. It is a neglected disease that affects low-income populations facing food and nutrition insecurity. The aim of this study was to compare cases of beriberi among indigenous and non-indigenous people in Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data on cases of beriberi during the period July 2013-September 2018 derived from beriberi notification forms available on the FormSUS platform. Cases in indigenous and non-indigenous patients were compared using the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, adopting a significance level of 0.05. A total of 414 cases of beriberi were reported in the country during the study period, 210 of which (50.7%) were among indigenous people. Alcohol consumption was reported by 58.1% of the indigenous patients and 71.6% of the non-indigenous patients (p = 0.004); 71.0% of the indigenous patients reported that they consumed caxiri, a traditional alcoholic drink. Daily physical exertion was reported by 76.1% of the indigenous patients and 40.2% of the non-indigenous patients (p < 0.001). It is concluded that beriberi disproportionately affects indigenous people and is associated with alcohol consumption and physical exertion.

COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome in Brazilian newborns in 2020-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics of cases of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Brazilian newborns (NBs) in 2020 and 2021, recorded in the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe - SIVEP-Gripe). METHODS: The variables analyzed were gender, race/skin color, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, use of ventilatory support, signs and symptoms (fever, cough, O2 saturation<95%, dyspnea, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and vomiting), progress (death or cure), risk factors/comorbidities. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. RESULTS: We found 1,649 records of COVID-19 SARS in NBs, with a predominance of multiracial babies in both years. The most frequent symptoms in 2020 and 2021 were, respectively: respiratory distress (67.0 and 69.7%), fever (46.3 and 46.2%), and cough (37.0 and 46.3%). In 2020, 30.5% of patients received invasive ventilatory support; in 2021, this number was 41.6%. In addition, more than 55% of cases required ICU admission, and over 16% died. CONCLUSION: We emphasize the high proportion of cases that required intensive care and progressed to death.

COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome in Brazilian newborns in 2020-2021 / Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave por COVID-19 em recém-nascidos no Brasil em 2020-2021

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of cases of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Brazilian newborns (NBs) in 2020 and 2021, recorded in the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe — SIVEP-Gripe). Methods: The variables analyzed were gender, race/skin color, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, use of ventilatory support, signs and symptoms (fever, cough, O2 saturation<95%, dyspnea, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and vomiting), progress (death or cure), risk factors/comorbidities. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Results: We found 1,649 records of COVID-19 SARS in NBs, with a predominance of multiracial babies in both years. The most frequent symptoms in 2020 and 2021 were, respectively: respiratory distress (67.0 and 69.7%), fever (46.3 and 46.2%), and cough (37.0 and 46.3%). In 2020, 30.5% of patients received invasive ventilatory support; in 2021, this number was 41.6%. In addition, more than 55% of cases required ICU admission, and over 16% died. Conclusion: We emphasize the high proportion of cases that required intensive care and progressed to death.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas dos casos de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) por COVID-19 em recém-nascidos (RNs) em 2020 e 2021, no Brasil, registrados no Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe). Métodos: As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, raça/cor, hospitalização, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), uso de suporte ventilatório, sinais e sintomas (febre, tosse, saturação de O2<95%, dispneia, desconforto respiratório, diarreia e vômitos), evolução (óbito ou cura), fatores de risco/comorbidades. As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas em frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados: Houve 1.649 registros de SRAG por COVID-19 em RNs, com predomínio de pardos nos dois anos. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram, respectivamente, em 2020 e 2021: desconforto respiratório (67,0 e 69,7%), febre (46,3 e 46,2%) e tosse (37,0 e 46,3%). Em 2020, 30,5% dos pacientes receberam suporte ventilatório invasivo, e 41,6% em 2021. Além disso, mais de 55% dos casos precisaram de internação em UTI, e acima de 16% morreram. Conclusão: Destaca-se a elevada proporção de casos que precisou de cuidados intensivos e que evoluíram para óbito.

Mortalidade por covid-19 no interior e em regiões metropolitanas do Brasil, 2020 a 2021 / COVID-19 mortality in metropolitan areas vs. other regions of Brazil, 2020 to 2021 / Mortalidad por COVID-19 en las regiones metropolitanas y en el interior de Brasil, 2020-2021

RESUMO Objetivo. Comparar as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar (TMH) por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) associada à covid-19 registradas em regiões metropolitanas e no interior do Brasil em 2020 e 2021. Método. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico com dados públicos disponíveis no OpenDataSUS. As informações foram acessadas em maio de 2022. Consideraram-se as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, internação hospitalar, presença de fator de risco, internação em UTI, uso de suporte ventilatório e classificação final na ficha de registro individual de casos de SRAG por covid-19. Os casos e óbitos foram estratificados em cinco faixas etárias (0-19 anos, 20-39 anos, 40-59 anos, 60-79 anos e ≥80 anos) e por localização do município de residência (região metropolitana ou interior). A TMH teve como numerador o número absoluto de óbitos por SRAG associada à covid-19; e, como denominador, o número absoluto de casos de SRAG por covid-19 segundo ano de ocorrência, residência em região metropolitana ou interior, faixa etária, sexo, internação hospitalar, presença de fator de risco, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e uso de suporte ventilatório. Resultados. Verificou-se aumento significativo da TMH por SRAG associada à covid-19 em 2021 em todos os grupos etários, exceto 0-19 anos e ≥80 anos, assim como entre indivíduos internados em UTI e que utilizaram suporte ventilatório invasivo, tanto nas regiões metropolitanas quanto no interior. Conclusões. Houve piora do cenário epidemiológico em 2021 com o aumento da TMH, mas não foram identificadas diferenças entre as regiões metropolitanas e o interior do país.

ABSTRACT Objective. To compare hospital mortality rates (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated with COVID-19 recorded in metropolitan areas and other regions (interior) of Brazil in 2020 and 2021. Method. This ecological study used public data available on OpenDataSUS. The information was accessed in May 2022. The following variables were considered: age, sex, hospitalization, presence of a risk factor, ICU stay, use of ventilatory support, and final classification in the individual registration form of SARS cases due to COVID-19. Cases and deaths were stratified into five age groups (0-19 years, 20-39 years, 40-59 years, 60-79 years, and ≥80 years) and by place of residence (metropolitan area or interior). The HMR had as numerator the absolute number of deaths by SARS associated with covid-19; and, as a denominator, the absolute number of cases of SARS due to covid-19 according to the year of occurrence, area of residence, age bracket, sex, hospitalization, presence of a risk factor, ICU admission, and use of ventilatory support. Results. There was a significant increase in HMR due to SARS associated with COVID-19 in 2021 in all age groups, except 0-19 years and ≥80 years, as well as among individuals admitted to an ICU and who used invasive ventilatory support, both in metropolitan areas as well as in the interior. Conclusions. There was a worsening of the epidemiological scenario in 2021 with an increase in HMR. However, no differences were identified between the metropolitan regions and the interior of the country.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Comparar las tasas de mortalidad hospitalaria por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19 registradas en las regiones metropolitanas y el interior de Brasil en el período 2020-2021. Método. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos públicos disponibles en el sistema OpenDataSUS. La información se consultó en mayo del 2022. Se tomaron en cuenta las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, hospitalización, presencia de factores de riesgo, ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, uso de apoyo ventilatorio y clasificación final en la hoja de registro individual de casos del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave por COVID-19. Los casos y las defunciones se estratificaron en cinco grupos etarios (0-19 años, 20-39 años, 40-59 años, 60-79 años y ≥80 años) y por ubicación del municipio de residencia (región metropolitana o interior). El numerador de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria fue el número absoluto de defunciones por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19, y el denominador, el número absoluto de casos del mismo síndrome relacionado con la COVID-19 según el año de aparición, la residencia en una región metropolitana o en el interior, el grupo etario, el sexo, la hospitalización, la presencia de factores de riesgo, el ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y el uso de apoyo ventilatorio. Resultados. Se comprobó un aumento significativo de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19 en el 2021 en todos los grupos etarios, excepto en los grupos de 0-19 años y ≥80 años, así como entre las personas internadas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos que recibieron apoyo respiratorio invasivo, tanto en las regiones metropolitanas como en el interior. Conclusiones. La situación epidemiológica empeoró en el 2021 con el aumento de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria, pero no se observaron diferencias entre las regiones metropolitanas y el interior del país.

Análise espacial de casos prováveis de dengue no município de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil / Spatial analysis of probable dengue cases in the municipality of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil / Análisis espacial de los casos probables de dengue en el municipio de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil

INTRODUÇÃO: A dengue é considerada uma das principais arboviroses mundiais, caracterizada no Brasil pelo aumento de casos graves e óbitos. OBJETIVO: realizar análise espacial dos casos prováveis de dengue em São Luís - MA. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico de base populacional dos casos prováveis de dengue, notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) em 2015 e 2016, ocorridos no município de São Luís ­ MA. Foram georreferenciados 4.681 casos prováveis de dengue por setores censitários, calculadas as taxas de incidência e ajustadas através do estimador bayesiano empírico local. Foi utilizado o estimador de densidade de Kernel e Moran Global e Local para a análise espacial. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se através do estimador de densidade de Kernel, áreas quentes (alta-densidade) nos setores censitários da região noroeste do município. As taxas de incidência foram ajustadas pela aplicação do método bayesiano empírico local, identificando-se maior quantidade de setores com média e alta incidência. A partir do índice de Moran global foi evidenciada autocorrelação espacial positiva estatisticamente significativa para as taxas de incidência de dengue (I=0,69; p<0,001) e para as taxas de incidência ajustadas pelo método bayesiano (I=0,80; p<0,001). De acordo com o índice de Moran local, identificou-se clusters de setores de alta incidência de dengue em áreas com alta densidade populacional na região nordeste e noroeste do município. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa demonstrou que os estimadores bayesianos ajudaram a minimizar os problemas de subnotificação e da influência do tamanho populacional nos setores censitários.

INTRODUCTION: Dengue is considered one of the main arboviruses in the world, characterized in Brazil by the increase in severe cases and deaths. OBJECTIVE: to perform spatial analysis of probable dengue cases in São Luís - MA. METHODS: Population-based ecological study of probable dengue cases, reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) in 2015 and 2016, which took place in the city of São Luís - MA. 4,681 probable dengue cases were georeferenced by census sectors, incidence rates were calculated and adjusted using the local empirical Bayesian estimator. The Kernel and Moran Global and Local density estimator was used for spatial analysis. RESULTS: Hot areas (high-density) in the census sectors of the northwest region of the municipality were evidenced through the Kernel density estimator. Incidence rates were adjusted by applying the local empirical Bayesian method, identifying a greater number of sectors with medium and high incidence. From the global Moran index, statistically significant positive spatial autocorrelation was evidenced for the dengue incidence rates (I = 0.69; p <0.001) and for the incidence rates adjusted by the Bayesian method (I = 0.80; p <0.001). According to the local Moran index, clusters of sectors with a high incidence of dengue were identified in areas with high population density in the northeast and northwest regions of the municipality. CONCLUSION: The research demonstrated that Bayesian estimators helped to minimize the problems of underreporting and the influence of population size on census tracts.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El dengue es considerado una de las principales arbovirosis a nivel mundial, caracterizada en Brasil por el aumento de casos graves y muertes. OBJETIVO: Realizar un análisis espacial de los casos probables de dengue en São Luís - MA. MÉTODOS: Estudio ecológico de base poblacional de los casos probables de dengue, notificados en el Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) en 2015 y 2016, ocurridos en el municipio de São Luís - MA. Se georreferenciaron 4.681 casos probables de dengue por sectores censales, se calcularon las tasas de incidencia y se ajustaron mediante el estimador empírico bayesiano local. Para el análisis espacial se utilizó el estimador de densidad Kernel y Moran global y local. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció a través del estimador de densidad Kernel, áreas calientes (de alta densidad) en los sectores censales de la región noroeste del municipio. Las tasas de incidencia se ajustaron mediante la aplicación del método bayesiano empírico local, identificándose una mayor cantidad de setores con incidencia media y alta. A partir del índice global de Moran se evidenció una autocorrelación espacial positiva estadísticamente significativa para las tasas de incidencia de dengue (I=0,69; p<0,001) y para las tasas de incidencia ajustadas por el método bayesiano (I=0,80; p<0,001). Según el índice local de Moran, se identificaron clusters de sectores de alta incidencia de dengue en áreas con alta densidad de población en las regiones noreste y noroeste del municipio. CONCLUSIÓN: La investigación demostró que los estimadores bayesianos ayudaron a minimizar los problemas de infradeclaración y la influencia del tamaño de la población en los sectores censales.

Spatial Analysis of Notified Zika Virus Congenital Syndrome, Maranhão, 2015 to 2018. / Análise espacial da taxa de detecção de casos suspeitos de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika, Maranhão, 2015 a 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To identify spatial patterns in cases of changes in growth and development related to Zika virus infection and other infectious etiologies (denominated Zika virus congenital syndrome in this study) reported in Maranhão from 2015 to 2018 and their relation with socioeconomic and demographic variables. METHODS: Ecological study of notified Zika virus congenital syndrome cases in the 217 cities of Maranhão, Brasil. Spatial autocorrelation was calculated using GeoDa 1.14 software and the local and global (I) Moran's index in univariate and bivariate analyses on Zika virus congenital syndrome incidence rate with Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), population density, Gini coefficient and the cities' time of administrative political emancipation. Local Moran's Index was calculated to identify clusters with significant spatial autocorrelation. RESULTS: Spatial autocorrelation was checked in univariate analysis of the incidence rate of Zika virus congenital syndrome (I=0,494; p=0,001) and positive correlation in bivariate analysis of the incidence rate with Municipal Human Development Index (I=0,252; p=0,001), population density (I=0,338; p=0,001) and the cities' time of administrative political emancipation (I=0,134; p=0,001). The correlation between incidence rate with Gini coefficient was not significant (I= -0,033; p=0,131). Five high-incidence clusters were found in distinct areas of the state. CONCLUSIONS: Cities with higher MHDI, higher population density and more years of administrative political emancipation had more cases of Zika virus congenital syndrome notified.

OBJETIVO: Identificar padrões espaciais em casos de lactentes com alterações de crescimento e desenvolvimento relacionadas à infecção pelo vírus Zika e outras etiologias infecciosas (neste trabalho denominado de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika), notificados no Maranhão de 2015 a 2018 e sua relação com variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico de casos suspeitos notificados de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika nos 217 municípios do Maranhão, Brasil. Calculou-se a autocorrelação espacial pelos índices de Moran local e global (I) univariado e bivariado da taxa de detecção de casos suspeitos de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika com índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal, densidade demográfica, índice de Gini e tempo de emancipação político-administrativa dos municípios. O índice de Moran local foi calculado para localizar clusters com autocorrelação espacial significativa. RESULTADOS: Houve autocorrelação espacial na análise univariada da taxa municipal de detecção de casos suspeitos de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika (I=0,494; p=0,001) e, na análise bivariada, correlação positiva da taxa de detecção de casos suspeitos com índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (I=0,252; p=0,001), densidade demográfica (I=0,338; p=0,001) e tempo de emancipação dos municípios (I=0,134; p=0,001). Não houve correlação significativa da taxa de detecção de casos suspeitos com o índice de Gini (I= -0,033; p=0,131). Cinco clusters de alta detecção de casos suspeitos foram encontrados em áreas distintas do estado. CONCLUSÕES: Os municípios com maior índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal, maior densidade demográfica e mais tempo de emancipação político-administrativa tiveram mais casos suspeitos notificados de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika.

Análise espacial da taxa de detecção de casos suspeitos de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika, Maranhão, 2015 a 2018 / Spatial Analysis of Notified Zika Virus Congenital Syndrome, Maranhão, 2015 to 2018

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar padrões espaciais em casos de lactentes com alterações de crescimento e desenvolvimento relacionadas à infecção pelo vírus Zika e outras etiologias infecciosas (neste trabalho denominado de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika), notificados no Maranhão de 2015 a 2018 e sua relação com variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de casos suspeitos notificados de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika nos 217 municípios do Maranhão, Brasil. Calculou-se a autocorrelação espacial pelos índices de Moran local e global (I) univariado e bivariado da taxa de detecção de casos suspeitos de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika com índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal, densidade demográfica, índice de Gini e tempo de emancipação político-administrativa dos municípios. O índice de Moran local foi calculado para localizar clusters com autocorrelação espacial significativa. Resultados: Houve autocorrelação espacial na análise univariada da taxa municipal de detecção de casos suspeitos de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika (I=0,494; p=0,001) e, na análise bivariada, correlação positiva da taxa de detecção de casos suspeitos com índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (I=0,252; p=0,001), densidade demográfica (I=0,338; p=0,001) e tempo de emancipação dos municípios (I=0,134; p=0,001). Não houve correlação significativa da taxa de detecção de casos suspeitos com o índice de Gini (I= -0,033; p=0,131). Cinco clusters de alta detecção de casos suspeitos foram encontrados em áreas distintas do estado. Conclusões: Os municípios com maior índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal, maior densidade demográfica e mais tempo de emancipação político-administrativa tiveram mais casos suspeitos notificados de síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To identify spatial patterns in cases of changes in growth and development related to Zika virus infection and other infectious etiologies (denominated Zika virus congenital syndrome in this study) reported in Maranhão from 2015 to 2018 and their relation with socioeconomic and demographic variables. Methods: Ecological study of notified Zika virus congenital syndrome cases in the 217 cities of Maranhão, Brasil. Spatial autocorrelation was calculated using GeoDa 1.14 software and the local and global (I) Moran's index in univariate and bivariate analyses on Zika virus congenital syndrome incidence rate with Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), population density, Gini coefficient and the cities' time of administrative political emancipation. Local Moran's Index was calculated to identify clusters with significant spatial autocorrelation. Results: Spatial autocorrelation was checked in univariate analysis of the incidence rate of Zika virus congenital syndrome (I=0,494; p=0,001) and positive correlation in bivariate analysis of the incidence rate with Municipal Human Development Index (I=0,252; p=0,001), population density (I=0,338; p=0,001) and the cities' time of administrative political emancipation (I=0,134; p=0,001). The correlation between incidence rate with Gini coefficient was not significant (I= -0,033; p=0,131). Five high-incidence clusters were found in distinct areas of the state. Conclusions: Cities with higher MHDI, higher population density and more years of administrative political emancipation had more cases of Zika virus congenital syndrome notified.

Autoregressive spatial modeling of possible cases of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in the capital of Northeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are a growing global health problem. This study analyzed the spatial distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases in São Luís, Maranhão, from 2015 to 2016 and investigated the association between socio-environmental and economic factors and hotspots for mosquito proliferation. METHODS: This was a socio-ecological study using data from the National Information System of Notifiable Diseases. The spatial units of analysis were census tracts. The incidence rates of the combined cases of the three diseases were calculated and smoothed using empirical local Bayes estimates. The spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate was measured using Local Moran's I and Global Moran's I. Multiple linear regression and spatial autoregressive models were fitted using the log of the smoothed disease incidence rate as the dependent variable and socio-environmental factors, demographics, and mosquito hotspots as independent variables. RESULTS: The findings showed a significant spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate. The model that best fit the data was the spatial lag model, revealing a positive association between disease incidence and the proportion of households with surrounding garbage accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases showed a significant spatial pattern, in which the high-risk areas for the three diseases were explained by the variable "garbage accumulated in the surrounding environment," demonstrating the need for an intersectoral approach for vector control and prevention that goes beyond health actions.

Beriberi in Brazil: A Disease That Affects Indigenous People.

BACKGROUND: Beriberi is the clinical manifestation of thiamine deficiency. It is multicausal and typically associated with poverty and food insecurity among vulnerable populations, such as indigenous people. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to carry out a spatial analysis of reported cases of beriberi among indigenous people in Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using time series data on suspected cases of beriberi reported to the Ministry of Health via the FormSUS between July 2013 and September 2018. Indigenous villages were georeferenced, and Kernel density estimation was used to identify patterns of the spatial distribution of beriberi cases. RESULTS: A total of 414 cases of beriberi were reported in the country of which 210 (50.7%) were indigenous people. All the cases in indigenous people occurred in states located in the Legal Amazon (Maranhão, Roraima, and Tocantins). Kernel density estimation showed high-density areas in Tocantins and Roraima. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first nationwide study of reported cases of beriberi. The findings can be used to guide actions that contribute to the monitoring and prevention of beriberi among indigenous people.

Autoregressive spatial modeling of possible cases of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in the capital of Northeastern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are a growing global health problem. This study analyzed the spatial distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases in São Luís, Maranhão, from 2015 to 2016 and investigated the association between socio-environmental and economic factors and hotspots for mosquito proliferation. METHODS: This was a socio-ecological study using data from the National Information System of Notifiable Diseases. The spatial units of analysis were census tracts. The incidence rates of the combined cases of the three diseases were calculated and smoothed using empirical local Bayes estimates. The spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate was measured using Local Moran's I and Global Moran's I. Multiple linear regression and spatial autoregressive models were fitted using the log of the smoothed disease incidence rate as the dependent variable and socio-environmental factors, demographics, and mosquito hotspots as independent variables. RESULTS: The findings showed a significant spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate. The model that best fit the data was the spatial lag model, revealing a positive association between disease incidence and the proportion of households with surrounding garbage accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases showed a significant spatial pattern, in which the high-risk areas for the three diseases were explained by the variable "garbage accumulated in the surrounding environment," demonstrating the need for an intersectoral approach for vector control and prevention that goes beyond health actions.

Spatial analysis of probable cases of dengue fever, chikungunya fever and zika virus infections in Maranhao State, Brazil.

Dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections are increasing public health problems in the world, the last two diseases having recently emerged in Brazil. This ecological study employed spatial analysis of probable cases of dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections reported to the National Mandatory Reporting System (SINAN) in Maranhao State from 2015 to 2016. The software GeoDa version 1.10 was used for calculating global and local Moran indices. The global Moran index identified a significant autocorrelation of incidence rates of dengue (I=0.10; p=0.009) and zika (I=0.07; p=0.03). The study found a positive spatial correlation between dengue and the population density (I=0.31; p<0.001) and a negative correlation with the Performance Index of Unified Health System (PIUHS) by basic care coverage (I=-0.08; p=0.01). Regarding chikungunya fever, there were positive spatial correlations with the population density (I=0.06; p=0.03) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) (I=0.10; p=0.002), and a negative correlation with the Gini index (I=-0.01; p<0.001) and the PIUHS by basic care coverage (I=-0.18; p<0.001). Lastly, we found positive spatial correlations between Zika virus infections and the population density (I=0.13; p=0.005) and the MHDI (I=0.12; p<0.001), as well as a negative correlation with the Gini index (I=-0.11; p<0.001) and the PIUHS by basic care coverage (I=-0.05; p=0.03). Our results suggest that several socio-demographic factors influenced the occurrence of dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections in Maranhao State.